The survival of the paranoid
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The global economy is being buffeted by shocks: from a surge in inflation and higher interest rates, to global supply chain disruptions and geopolitical conflict. Volatility in global equity markets remains elevated, reflecting substantial economic and political uncertainty. JP Morgan’s Jamie Dimon this week warned investors to brace for an economic hurricane.
Some of this is the consequence of emerging from a global pandemic, as well as the near-term impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In addition, structural dynamics – from regime change in geopolitics and globalisation to the net zero transition and disruptive technologies – are leading to sustained high levels of economic volatility.
Despite being punctuated by the pandemic and the global financial crisis, the past 30 years have been a period of reasonable calm in the global business cycle. This Great Moderation is behind us, and sustained turbulence is likely as we transition to a new economic and political regime.
Great Moderation no more
‘The old world is dying, and the new world struggles to be born: now is the time of monsters’, Antonio Gramsci
There are multiple risks that are emerging, which together will create a much more turbulent operating environment.
The intersection of higher inflation and interest rates, and the record-high public and private debt stocks, make economic and financial shocks increasingly likely. Inflation is likely to be structurally higher than over the past few decades (frictions on globalisation, the net zero transition), with consequent pressure on interest rates. Although I expect macro policy to remain broadly expansionary, business cycles will likely get shorter and choppier.
As the Russian invasion of Ukraine shows, geopolitical conflict can generate substantial economic costs. And escalating geopolitical tensions between the West and China, with the potential for major risk episodes (e.g. Taiwan), have the potential to generate even larger economic costs given the economic scale of China.
The fragmentation of the global economy due to geopolitical pressures will lead to increased costs and uncertainties. This pace and nature of this fragmentation process will be shaped by policy decision-making, from dual circulation to strategic autonomy initiatives. And as I noted last week, there are risks that political choices will worsen deglobalisation pressures – with associated costs.
The potential for domestic political events to raise the global risk profile is also increasing: economic and political management in China under President Xi; further political dysfunction in the US; and risks in countries like Russia and Turkey.
The net zero transition will transform energy, industrial, transport systems, causing disruption across the economy. New growth sectors will emerge, new low emissions ways of doing business will be developed, and substantial reallocations of capital will be required.
Alongside this, disruptive technologies are being deployed at scale – having been accelerated through the pandemic. I am still persuaded by the potential for these investments to strengthen productivity. But this process will be disruptive to labour markets and the broader economy, in a way perhaps similar to deindustrialisation.
Navigating stormy seas
‘In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if, in tempestuous seasons, they can only tell us that when the storm is long past the ocean is flat again’, John Maynard Keynes
So we are moving into what is likely to be a more turbulent period as we transition to a new economic and political regime. There will be rapid, at-scale changes on a broad range of fronts. The 1970s are a useful analogy for this transition; a rolling series of economic, political, and policy shocks that lasted for 10-15 years.
Understanding this changing weather will be central to navigating successfully through increasingly stormy seas for firms and governments.
One of the key things about many of these economic and political risks is that they will have uneven impacts across the economy: they are commonly firm or sector-specific shocks rather than general demand-side shocks. This means that different firms/sectors/economies may have vastly different exposures: those that are emissions intensive, are exposed to China, are heavily leveraged, or that have direct exposure to disruptive technologies, are likely to be subject to more risk.
For example, this increased risk profile environment will be particularly challenging for small advanced economies, even those that are well managed and high performing. Small advanced economies have relatively concentrated economic/export structures – and so idiosyncratic shocks to important sectors or markets can have meaningful aggregate impacts.
Finland provides a salutary example: Nokia lost ~80% of its value between 2007 and 2012 as it was out-competed by Apple, leading to reduced employment and tax revenues, and causing a substantial drag on Finland’s economic performance.
The ability of small economies to navigate this heightened risk profile will be more central to their performance than any general weakness in globalisation. Strategic foresight, the active management of specific risk exposures, and building national economic resilience are priorities in this environment. And there are also opportunities to be captured, as new growth sectors emerge.
Many small economies are beginning to reduce exposures to geopolitical risk; are working to return public debt to sustainable levels after the pandemic; and are building resilience into supply chains (Singapore, New Zealand, Ireland, the Nordics, and others). At the same time, investments are being made to capture opportunities in the low carbon economy as well as increased investment in research and innovation to strengthen competitive advantage (the Netherlands, Denmark, Singapore).
The agility and responsiveness commonly demonstrated by small advanced economies will be particularly valuable in a disruptively changing environment.
This small economy approach to managing emerging risk exposures is directly instructive for firms, which by definition have high levels of idiosyncratic risk exposure. Indeed, there has been substantial dispersion of performance across firms/sectors through the pandemic. And creative destruction rates of listed firms remain high.
Rapid adjustment is required to a new world of higher borrowing costs, geopolitical frictions, supply chain disruptions, and disruptive new technologies. Famous Silicon Valley start-up incubator Y Combinator sent a strongly-worded letter to their network last week advising them on the need for action to survive in this new environment.
Playbooks that have worked well over the past few decades of low interest rates, intense globalisation, and geopolitical stability, will likely work less well. And as I noted recently, exposures have been accumulated through the prolonged period of good times – some of these positions will need to be unwound, from high leverage to concentrated exposures to geopolitical rivals. New positions of competitive strength will also need to be built.
‘Success breeds complacency. Complacency breeds failure. Only the paranoid survive’, Andy Grove
Those governments and firms that respond most quickly to this environment will likely have an edge; a recent presentation from Sequoia Capital pointed to ‘the survival of the quickest’. A good measure of urgency and paranoia is needed. Continuing to run fair weather models when the seas have turned stormy is unwise.
Indeed, in sailing, it is not measured velocity that matters, but ‘velocity made good’; the speed at which you converge to the target destination, given the winds and tides. Countries and firms need to set their sails and course for the storms that are arriving - and to do so quickly. Opt for constructive paranoia rather than complacency.
We provide insights and advisory services to firms, investors, and governments on responding to global economic and geopolitical dynamics. Please do get in touch at contact@landfallstrategy.com if you would like to discuss how we can support you.
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Chart of the week
Despite - and indeed because of - sanctions on Russia, Russia’s trade balance is at record highs. Germany provides a good example of these dynamics: German exports to Russia have slumped, but the value of imports from Russia have rocketed, largely due to the surge in oil and gas prices – which is a function of the sanctions on Russia. Russia’s oil and gas revenues are estimated to be up by over 20% on 2021. Over the next few years, however, Russia’s export earnings will slump as Europe moves to alternative energy sources. The economic hit will become more obvious over time.
Dr David Skilling
Director, Landfall Strategy Group
www.landfallstrategy.com
www.twitter.com/dskilling